A new concept of the epidemic process of influenza A virus
Identifieur interne : 000181 ( 1957/Analysis ); précédent : 000180; suivant : 000182A new concept of the epidemic process of influenza A virus
Auteurs : R. E. Hope-Simpson [Royaume-Uni] ; D. B. Golubev [Russie]Source :
- Epidemiology and Infection [ 0950-2688 ] ; 1987-08.
Descripteurs français
- KwdFr :
- MESH :
- physiologie : Virus de la grippe A.
- transmission : Adolescent, Adulte, Adulte d'âge moyen, Animaux, Enfant, Enfant d'âge préscolaire, Flambées de maladies, Grippe humaine, Humains, Nourrisson, Sujet âgé.
English descriptors
- KwdEn :
- MESH :
- physiology : Influenza A virus.
- transmission : Influenza, Human.
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Animals, Child, Child, Preschool, Disease Outbreaks, Humans, Infant, Middle Aged.
Abstract
Influenza A virus was discovered in 1933, and since then four major variants have caused all the epidemies of human influenza A. Each had an era of solo world prevalence until 1977 as follows: H0N1 (old style) strains until 1946. H1N1 (old style) strains until 1957, H2N2 strains until 1968. then H3N2 strains, which were joined in 1977 by a renewed prevalence of H1N1 (old style) strains. Serological studies show that H2N2 strains probably had had a previous era of world prevalence during the last quarter of the nineteenth century, and had then been replaced by H3N2 strains from about 1900 to 1918. From about 1907 the H3N2 strains had been joined, as now. by H1N1 (old style) strains until both had been replaced in 1918 by a fifth major variant closely related to swine influenza virus A/Hswine1N1 (old style), which had then had an era of solo world prevalence in mankind until about 1929. when it had been replaced by the H0N1 strains that were first isolated in 1933. Eras of prevalence of a major variant have usually been initiated by a severe pandemic followed at intervals of a year or two by successive epidemics in each of which the nature of the virus is usually a little changed (antigenic drift), but not enough to permit frequent recurrent infections during the same era. Changes of major variant (antigenic shift) are large enough to permit reinfection. At both major and minor changes the strains of the previous variant tend to disappear and to be replaced within a single season, worldwide in the case of a major variant, or in the area of prevalence of a previous minor variant. Pandemics, epidemics and antigenic variations all occur seasonally, and influenza and its viruses virtually disappear from the population of any locality between epidemics, an interval of many consecutive months. A global view, however, shows influenza continually present in the world population, progressing each year south and then north, thus crossing the equator twice yearly around the equinoxes, the tropical monsoon periods. Influenza arrives in the temperate latitudes in the colder months, about 6 months separating its arrival in the two hemispheres. None of this behaviour is explained by the current concept that the virus is surviving like measles virus by direct spread from the sick providing endless chains of human influenza A. A number of other aspects of the human host influenza A virus relationship encountered in household outbreaks are among the list of 20 difficulties that are inexplicable by the current concept of direct spread. Alternative concepts have usually been designed to counter particular difficulties and are incompatible with other features of influenzal behaviour in mankind. The new concept detailed in the appendix provides simple explanations for most if not all of the difficulties. It proposes that influenza A virus cannot normally be transmitted during the illness because it too rapidly becomes non-infectious in a mode of persistence or latency in the human host. Many months or a year or two later it is reactivated by a seasonally mediated stimulus which, like all seasonal phenomena, is ultimately dependent on variations in solar radiation caused by the tilt of the plane of earth's rotation in relation to that of its circumsolar orbit. The carriers, who are always widely seeded throughout the world population, become briefly infectious and their non-immune companions, if infected, comprise the whole of the next epidemic. The reactivated virus particles must encounter the immunity they have engendered in the carrier, thus allowing minor mutants an advantage over virions identical with the parent virus, and so favouring antigenic drift and automatic disappearance of predecessor and prompt seasonal replacement. Antigenic shift and recycling of major variants may also be explained by virus latency in the human host.
Url:
- https://api.istex.fr/ark:/67375/6GQ-K6X44X78-L/fulltext.pdf
- http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2249185
DOI: 10.1017/S0950268800066851
Affiliations:
Links toward previous steps (curation, corpus...)
- to stream Istex, to step Corpus: 000025
- to stream Istex, to step Curation: 000025
- to stream Istex, to step Checkpoint: 001012
- to stream Main, to step Merge: 002421
- to stream Pmc, to step Corpus: 000461
- to stream Pmc, to step Curation: 000461
- to stream Pmc, to step Checkpoint: 000D36
- to stream PubMed, to step Corpus: 000485
- to stream PubMed, to step Curation: 000485
- to stream PubMed, to step Checkpoint: 000432
- to stream Ncbi, to step Merge: 001065
- to stream Ncbi, to step Curation: 001065
- to stream Ncbi, to step Checkpoint: 001065
- to stream Main, to step Merge: 002395
- to stream Main, to step Curation: 002310
- to stream Main, to step Exploration: 002310
- to stream 1957, to step Extraction: 000181
Links to Exploration step
ISTEX:C1628C97D66A22D6188FD80AB41FBE5E67E377C0Le document en format XML
<record><TEI wicri:istexFullTextTei="biblStruct"><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title>A new concept of the epidemic process of influenza A virus</title>
<author><name sortKey="Hope Simpson, R E" sort="Hope Simpson, R E" uniqKey="Hope Simpson R" first="R. E." last="Hope-Simpson">R. E. Hope-Simpson</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Golubev, D B" sort="Golubev, D B" uniqKey="Golubev D" first="D. B." last="Golubev">D. B. Golubev</name>
</author>
</titleStmt>
<publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">ISTEX</idno>
<idno type="RBID">ISTEX:C1628C97D66A22D6188FD80AB41FBE5E67E377C0</idno>
<date when="1987" year="1987">1987</date>
<idno type="doi">10.1017/S0950268800066851</idno>
<idno type="url">https://api.istex.fr/ark:/67375/6GQ-K6X44X78-L/fulltext.pdf</idno>
<idno type="wicri:Area/Istex/Corpus">000025</idno>
<idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Istex" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="ISTEX">000025</idno>
<idno type="wicri:Area/Istex/Curation">000025</idno>
<idno type="wicri:Area/Istex/Checkpoint">001012</idno>
<idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Istex" wicri:step="Checkpoint">001012</idno>
<idno type="wicri:doubleKey">0950-2688:1987:Hope Simpson R:a:new:concept</idno>
<idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Merge">002421</idno>
<idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno>
<idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2249185</idno>
<idno type="RBID">PMC:2249185</idno>
<idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000461</idno>
<idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000461</idno>
<idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Curation">000461</idno>
<idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Curation">000461</idno>
<idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Checkpoint">000D36</idno>
<idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Checkpoint">000D36</idno>
<idno type="wicri:source">PubMed</idno>
<idno type="RBID">pubmed:3301379</idno>
<idno type="wicri:Area/PubMed/Corpus">000485</idno>
<idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="PubMed" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PubMed">000485</idno>
<idno type="wicri:Area/PubMed/Curation">000485</idno>
<idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="PubMed" wicri:step="Curation">000485</idno>
<idno type="wicri:Area/PubMed/Checkpoint">000432</idno>
<idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Checkpoint" wicri:step="PubMed">000432</idno>
<idno type="wicri:Area/Ncbi/Merge">001065</idno>
<idno type="wicri:Area/Ncbi/Curation">001065</idno>
<idno type="wicri:Area/Ncbi/Checkpoint">001065</idno>
<idno type="wicri:doubleKey">0950-2688:1987:Hope Simpson R:a:new:concept</idno>
<idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Merge">002395</idno>
<idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Curation">002310</idno>
<idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Exploration">002310</idno>
<idno type="wicri:Area/1957/Extraction">000181</idno>
</publicationStmt>
<sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title level="a">A new concept of the epidemic process of influenza A virus</title>
<author><name sortKey="Hope Simpson, R E" sort="Hope Simpson, R E" uniqKey="Hope Simpson R" first="R. E." last="Hope-Simpson">R. E. Hope-Simpson</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><country>Royaume-Uni</country>
<placeName><region type="country">Angleterre</region>
</placeName>
<wicri:cityArea>Epidemiological Research Unit, 86 Dyer Street, Cirencester, Gloucestershire</wicri:cityArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Golubev, D B" sort="Golubev, D B" uniqKey="Golubev D" first="D. B." last="Golubev">D. B. Golubev</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><country xml:lang="fr">Russie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>All-Union Research Institute of Influenza, prof. Popor str. 15/17. Leningrad</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>prof. Popor str. 15/17. Leningrad</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
</analytic>
<monogr></monogr>
<series><title level="j">Epidemiology and Infection</title>
<title level="j" type="abbrev">Epidemiol. Infect.</title>
<idno type="ISSN">0950-2688</idno>
<idno type="eISSN">1469-4409</idno>
<imprint><publisher>Cambridge University Press</publisher>
<pubPlace>Cambridge, UK</pubPlace>
<date type="published" when="1987-08">1987-08</date>
<biblScope unit="volume">99</biblScope>
<biblScope unit="issue">1</biblScope>
<biblScope unit="page" from="5">5</biblScope>
<biblScope unit="page" to="54">54</biblScope>
</imprint>
<idno type="ISSN">0950-2688</idno>
</series>
</biblStruct>
</sourceDesc>
<seriesStmt><idno type="ISSN">0950-2688</idno>
</seriesStmt>
</fileDesc>
<profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>Adolescent</term>
<term>Adult</term>
<term>Aged</term>
<term>Animals</term>
<term>Child</term>
<term>Child, Preschool</term>
<term>Disease Outbreaks</term>
<term>Humans</term>
<term>Infant</term>
<term>Influenza A virus (physiology)</term>
<term>Influenza, Human (transmission)</term>
<term>Middle Aged</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="KwdFr" xml:lang="fr"><term>Adolescent</term>
<term>Adulte</term>
<term>Adulte d'âge moyen</term>
<term>Animaux</term>
<term>Enfant</term>
<term>Enfant d'âge préscolaire</term>
<term>Flambées de maladies</term>
<term>Grippe humaine (transmission)</term>
<term>Humains</term>
<term>Nourrisson</term>
<term>Sujet âgé</term>
<term>Virus de la grippe A (physiologie)</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="physiologie" xml:lang="fr"><term>Virus de la grippe A</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="physiology" xml:lang="en"><term>Influenza A virus</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="transmission" xml:lang="en"><term>Influenza, Human</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="en"><term>Adolescent</term>
<term>Adult</term>
<term>Aged</term>
<term>Animals</term>
<term>Child</term>
<term>Child, Preschool</term>
<term>Disease Outbreaks</term>
<term>Humans</term>
<term>Infant</term>
<term>Middle Aged</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="transmission" xml:lang="fr"><term>Adolescent</term>
<term>Adulte</term>
<term>Adulte d'âge moyen</term>
<term>Animaux</term>
<term>Enfant</term>
<term>Enfant d'âge préscolaire</term>
<term>Flambées de maladies</term>
<term>Grippe humaine</term>
<term>Humains</term>
<term>Nourrisson</term>
<term>Sujet âgé</term>
</keywords>
</textClass>
<langUsage><language ident="en">en</language>
</langUsage>
</profileDesc>
</teiHeader>
<front><div type="abstract">Influenza A virus was discovered in 1933, and since then four major variants have caused all the epidemies of human influenza A. Each had an era of solo world prevalence until 1977 as follows: H0N1 (old style) strains until 1946. H1N1 (old style) strains until 1957, H2N2 strains until 1968. then H3N2 strains, which were joined in 1977 by a renewed prevalence of H1N1 (old style) strains. Serological studies show that H2N2 strains probably had had a previous era of world prevalence during the last quarter of the nineteenth century, and had then been replaced by H3N2 strains from about 1900 to 1918. From about 1907 the H3N2 strains had been joined, as now. by H1N1 (old style) strains until both had been replaced in 1918 by a fifth major variant closely related to swine influenza virus A/Hswine1N1 (old style), which had then had an era of solo world prevalence in mankind until about 1929. when it had been replaced by the H0N1 strains that were first isolated in 1933. Eras of prevalence of a major variant have usually been initiated by a severe pandemic followed at intervals of a year or two by successive epidemics in each of which the nature of the virus is usually a little changed (antigenic drift), but not enough to permit frequent recurrent infections during the same era. Changes of major variant (antigenic shift) are large enough to permit reinfection. At both major and minor changes the strains of the previous variant tend to disappear and to be replaced within a single season, worldwide in the case of a major variant, or in the area of prevalence of a previous minor variant. Pandemics, epidemics and antigenic variations all occur seasonally, and influenza and its viruses virtually disappear from the population of any locality between epidemics, an interval of many consecutive months. A global view, however, shows influenza continually present in the world population, progressing each year south and then north, thus crossing the equator twice yearly around the equinoxes, the tropical monsoon periods. Influenza arrives in the temperate latitudes in the colder months, about 6 months separating its arrival in the two hemispheres. None of this behaviour is explained by the current concept that the virus is surviving like measles virus by direct spread from the sick providing endless chains of human influenza A. A number of other aspects of the human host influenza A virus relationship encountered in household outbreaks are among the list of 20 difficulties that are inexplicable by the current concept of direct spread. Alternative concepts have usually been designed to counter particular difficulties and are incompatible with other features of influenzal behaviour in mankind. The new concept detailed in the appendix provides simple explanations for most if not all of the difficulties. It proposes that influenza A virus cannot normally be transmitted during the illness because it too rapidly becomes non-infectious in a mode of persistence or latency in the human host. Many months or a year or two later it is reactivated by a seasonally mediated stimulus which, like all seasonal phenomena, is ultimately dependent on variations in solar radiation caused by the tilt of the plane of earth's rotation in relation to that of its circumsolar orbit. The carriers, who are always widely seeded throughout the world population, become briefly infectious and their non-immune companions, if infected, comprise the whole of the next epidemic. The reactivated virus particles must encounter the immunity they have engendered in the carrier, thus allowing minor mutants an advantage over virions identical with the parent virus, and so favouring antigenic drift and automatic disappearance of predecessor and prompt seasonal replacement. Antigenic shift and recycling of major variants may also be explained by virus latency in the human host.</div>
</front>
</TEI>
<affiliations><list><country><li>Royaume-Uni</li>
<li>Russie</li>
</country>
<region><li>Angleterre</li>
</region>
</list>
<tree><country name="Royaume-Uni"><region name="Angleterre"><name sortKey="Hope Simpson, R E" sort="Hope Simpson, R E" uniqKey="Hope Simpson R" first="R. E." last="Hope-Simpson">R. E. Hope-Simpson</name>
</region>
</country>
<country name="Russie"><noRegion><name sortKey="Golubev, D B" sort="Golubev, D B" uniqKey="Golubev D" first="D. B." last="Golubev">D. B. Golubev</name>
</noRegion>
</country>
</tree>
</affiliations>
</record>
Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
EXPLOR_STEP=$WICRI_ROOT/Sante/explor/H2N2V1/Data/1957/Analysis
HfdSelect -h $EXPLOR_STEP/biblio.hfd -nk 000181 | SxmlIndent | more
Ou
HfdSelect -h $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/1957/Analysis/biblio.hfd -nk 000181 | SxmlIndent | more
Pour mettre un lien sur cette page dans le réseau Wicri
{{Explor lien |wiki= Sante |area= H2N2V1 |flux= 1957 |étape= Analysis |type= RBID |clé= ISTEX:C1628C97D66A22D6188FD80AB41FBE5E67E377C0 |texte= A new concept of the epidemic process of influenza A virus }}
This area was generated with Dilib version V0.6.33. |